Paving a way between oil well and reservoir, perforation is a process that is used to begin the production process using perforated guns. These guns area mainly used in overbalanced perforation where its pressure is higher than that of the reservoir, restricting the flow after the process is completed. However, as mud flows into the oil reservoir, formation is impacted negatively.
It is worth noting here that a
variety of guns are available in the market, based on size of borewell. Another
factor that they are based on is tolerance to equipment.
Some of the significant details
marking the global
perforating guns market over the forecast period of 2017 to 2025 are:
·
Increase in exploration and production activities. Some of the hotbeds
include the Mediterranean region and Latin America where sizeable discoveries
have been made over the past year. Besides, worldwide, the BOE figures in terms
of discovery have been impressive. As need for energy increases, the demand for
oil and gas would increase further, leading to higher levels of exploration and
production activities, driving the global perforated guns market
·
Shale gas exploration initiatives in the North American region is
leading the global perforated guns market to further growth, Additionally, it
is worth noting that the region will account for a significant market share
over the forecast period with several projects of drilling – offshore –
beginning. The region is also set to witness massive investments in this sector
over the assessment period
·
As world population grows, demand for oil and gas would increase in
tandem. By the year 2050, 2 billion more people will make the planet their
home, drawing on its scarce resources, propelling the oil and gas market
players to go for exploration and productions, helping the perforated guns
market chart a higher growth curve.
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Perforation is a process used to
connect a path between the reservoir and the oil well. Perforating gun is a
system or device used to perforate oil and gas wells in order to commence oil
& gas production. Currently, there are two types of well perforation:
overbalanced perforation and underbalance perforation. Perforating guns are
used in overbalanced perforation. The pressure in the well-bore column in overbalanced
perforation is more than the reservoir pressure. This helps stop the oil or gas
flow immediately after perforation. However, some disadvantages occur due to
the forced entry of mud into the reservoir, thus damaging the formation.
Various perforation guns are
available in the market. These differ in parameters such as conveyance, size,
and configuration. Furthermore, the inner diameter of the gun used is typically
determined by considering the wellbore area and its tolerance to the surface
equipment. After drilling and casing, the next phase in completion is
perforation. Proper perforation requires precise selection of perforating guns
that do not damage the surroundings and result in excess debris. Thus, the
primary objective of a perforating gun is to form a flow path between a cased
well-bore and an oil reservoir.
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Most perforating guns punch holes
from “0.22-0.25” to “0.70-0.75” in diameter. Typical perforating guns have
penetrations of “4-6” up to “45-48” in length. Most perforating guns shoot from
3 to 13 shots per foot. Perforating guns are available in different pressure
and temperature ranges. When detonated, perforating guns go off
instantaneously. The leading tip of the jet has a velocity of 25,000 ft/sec to
30,000 ft/sec. The impact pressure is approximately 8-10 million psi to 10-15
million psi. This pressure overcomes casing and formation strength and forces
material radially away from the jet axis. Precise selection of explosive is
done prior to oil & gas well perforation.
Rise in oil and gas E&P
activities, increase in average well depth over the years, growth in complexity
of reservoir conditions, and rise in shale gas exploration are the major
factors driving the perforating guns market.
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Based on gun type, the perforating
guns market can be segmented into expendable gun, semi-expendable gun, and
retrievable or hollow carrier gun. In an expendable gun, all components of the
gun below the collar are destroyed during the perforation explosion. A
semi-expendable gun has a metal bar that holds the explosives/charges.
Retrievable or hollow carrier is the most widely used gun, as it is highly
reliable and leaves no debris in the hole. In terms of method of conveyance,
the market can be divided into wireline and tubing. Majority of the perforating
work is carried out with shaped charge or jet perforating charges. Based on
explosive type, the market can be segregated into RDX (Cyclotrimethylene
Trinitramine), HMX (Cyclotetramethylene Trinitramine), HNS (Hexanitrosilbene),
and others. Based on drilling type, the perforating guns market can be
bifurcated into horizontal and vertical drilling. Several companies operate in
the perforating guns market. These companies usually enter into short-term or
long-term contracts with upstream oil & gas firms.
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Currently, North America accounts for
major share of the global perforating guns market, owing to the rise in shale
gas exploration activities and commencement of several offshore drilling
activities in the region. E&P activities (onshore and offshore) have triggered
investments in the perforating guns business across the globe. Increase in
demand for energy in Asia Pacific, especially in China and India, is
anticipated to propel the demand for perforating guns through the commencement
of planned exploration and production of oil & gas wells.
Key manufacturers and suppliers of
perforating guns include Hunting, Schlumberger, Baker Hughes, Weatherford
International, and Halliburton.
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