Refrigerant is a fluid used in air conditioners and
refrigerators. The function of a refrigerant is to absorb the heat from the
contents of the refrigerator or the room (in case of ACs) and to release it
into the atmosphere. A typical refrigerant undergoes a phase change from liquid
to gaseous upon absorption of heat and back to liquid when the compressor
compresses it. Various types of refrigerants are available such as
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), Hydro Fluro Carbons (HFC), and
Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC). Suitable application of a refrigerant depends
on its thermodynamic properties, non-corrosive nature, and other properties
such as non-toxicity and non-flammability.
R134A
falls under the hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) category and is predominantly used as a
refrigerant in air conditioning systems. It is presently being used as a
substitute for R-12 CFC refrigerant in the area of centrifugal, rotary screw,
scroll, and reciprocating compressors. R134A is a clear, colorless liquid or
gas that is relatively nontoxic and nonflammable. It is the primary
refrigerant used in automotive air conditioning systems. R134A is also used in
domestic and commercial refrigeration as a propellant in aerosol cans for
foam?blowing of building insulation and in pharmaceutical applications such as
asthma inhalers. Furthermore, it is used as a hydrofluorocarbon blend to
manufacture other refrigerants.
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Over a
period of time, the usage of refrigerant and its impact on the environment
causing depletion of ozone layer has been a matter of constant discussion.
Prior to the 1990s, the common refrigerant used was the R-12 (CFC),
manufactured by Dupont under the brand name, Freon. However, during 1990s and
2000s, CFCs were replaced by HCFCs, the common among them was the R-22. HCFC
refrigerants contained chlorine which led to depletion of the ozone layer, and
thus, was banned and phased out. Usage of R-22 was outlawed in new units in
2010. The phasing out of HCFC has been planned with the U.S. slated to
terminate its supply of HCFC by the year 2020. In emerging economies such as
India, 50%-60% of the ACs uses HCFCs, which according to the Government, will
be phased out of India by 2030.
In order
to remove chlorine content from refrigerants, manufacturers created another set
of refrigerants called Hydro Fluoro Carbon (HFC). Although HFCs have the
potential to cause global warming, they are better than HCFCs as they do not
deplete the ozone layer. The common type of HFC in use is the R134A, which is
energy-efficient and does not harm the ozone layer, though it causes global
warming.
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A key
driver of the demand for R134A is the absence of its substitutes in the market
as most of the refrigeration systems use R134A as a refrigerant and are
designed to integrate R134A only. If the refrigerant is to be changed, the
entire system has to be redesigned and rebooted before it can be operated with
any other refrigerant, which means incurring of additional cost. There are
multiple methods for producing R134A, all of which involve reacting hydrogen
fluoride with a compound containing carbon and chlorine. The primary raw
material used in the production of R134A is hydrogen fluoride, made from
fluorspar and trichloroethylene or perchloroethylene.
R134A
refrigerants, with a GWP of 1300, have higher potential to cause global warming
than other HFCs, such as R152a. This has led the European Union ban the usage
of R-134A in new vehicles, which became effective in 2011. In July 2015, it was
announced that the United States Environmental Protection Agency was planning
to phase out certain HFC refrigerants, such as R134A. Moreover, the emergence
of environment-friendly set of Hydrocarbon (HC) refrigerants, such as R-290 and
R-600A, due to their halogen-free nature, no ozone depletion potential, and
lower global warming potential is projected to limit the demand for R134A
refrigerant in the near future.
On the
basis of application, the R134A refrigerant market can be bifurcated into
foam-blowing agent, refrigerant blend, propellant, and others. In terms of end
use, the R134A refrigerant market can be broadly categorized into air
conditioner (automotive, domestic, and commercial), industrial, pharmaceutical,
refrigerator, and chillers. Air conditioner application segment is projected to
expand rapidly during the forecast period. Asia Pacific is expected to lead the
R134A refrigerant market during the forecast period due to the growing
automotive industry in the region, which is a major application area of R134A
refrigerant.
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The global
R134A refrigerant market can be segmented, by geography, as North America,
Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. Asia Pacific
was the dominant market for R134A refrigerant in 2016. Growth in population and
infrastructural development in the region have led to an increase in the usage
of refrigerants for various applications such as refrigerators and air
conditioners. Furthermore, industry alliances are expected to support the
growth of the R134A refrigerant market in the region during the forecast
period.
Key
players operating in R-134A refrigerant market are Daikin, Chemours, Arkema,
Dongyue Group, and Sinochem Group, among others.
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