Tunnel boring machines are gigantic special-purpose machines, particularly used in building tunnels for roads, railways, and pipelines. These machines are long with circular cross-sections and help in boring round holes through any rock. Tunnel boring machines are intricate assemblies of several systems working in conjunction with each other. Diameter of tunnel boring machines ranges from 1 meter to 20 meters. These machines can cut clean through rocks, sometimes along with creating concrete shields around the bored tunnels. The tunnel boring machine market is largely driven by the increase in spending on road and railway infrastructure. Countries such as China, Japan, Italy, South Korea, Norway, and Germany have vast tunnel networks. The key reason is to connect major cities within the country, sometimes even international, with minimum commute time. This largely optimizes the transportation costs and connects cities to boost commerce. The other method for building tunnels is...
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