Silicon is the second most abundant element found on the Earth.
Polysilicon is a pure, stable, and crystalline form of silicon. It also called
polycrystalline silicone and poly-Si. It offers properties similar to
semiconductors. Polysilicon is employed in solar photovoltaic cells (PV) and
electronics industries. It differs from monocrystalline silicon and amorphous
silicon in terms of silicon structure. Monocrystalline polysilicon is used in
microelectronic devices and is more efficient than polysilicon. The cost of
polysilicon is low compared to that of single crystal or monocrystalline
silicon. Polysilicon consists of numerous small silicon crystals of larger than
1 mm size. Polysilicon is produced in ingot and wafer forms. More than 350,000
tons of polysilicon is manufactured across the globe every year.
The polysilicon
market can be segmented in terms of manufacturing technology,
structural form, physical properties, application, and region. Polysilicon is
manufactured through different processes, namely Siemens process, fluidized bed
reactor, and upgraded metallurgical grade (UMG). Siemens process produces the
highest quality of polysilicon material by distillation at high temperature. It
is employed in solar cells and electronics applications. The process accounts
for almost 90% of the global polysilicon production. Polysilicon produced in
fluidized bed reactors is utilized in solar photovoltaic applications. Upgraded
metallurgical grade is employed in electronics materials. Polysilicon is
manufactured in the form of chunks, chips, granules, and rods. The structure
depends upon the end-use application. Generally, polysilicon rods are broken
down to form chunks. Physical properties of polysilicon such as resistivity and
mobility depend upon the grain size of crystals. This can vary with different
manufacturing processes. As the grain size of polysilicon crystals increases,
the efficiency of solar cells rises.
Polysilicon
is employed in electronics and solar PV cells. The electronics industry can be
further sub-divided into end-use application. Polysilicon is used in integrated
circuits, electronics gates (MOSFETs and CMOS), resistors, and conductors and,
as an ohmic contact for shallow junctions. Electronics industry needs pure
forms of polysilicon compared to the solar cell industry. Up to 99.999% pure
polysilicon is also used in the electronics industry. Solar photovoltaic cells
are utilized in power grids, solar accent lighting and small scale applications
such as pocket calculator. To produce 1 megawatt of solar modules, around 5
tons of polysilicon is required. Based on region, the polysilicon market can be
divided into Latin America, North America, Middle East & Africa, Europe,
and Asia Pacific.
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Prices of
polysilicon have declined significantly over the last few years. However,
the polysilicon market is likely to expand due to the rise in demand for
photovoltaic applications and growth in the electronics industry. Investments,
expansions, and long term contracts of companies are driving the polysilicon
market. Research and developmental activities are estimated to reduce the cost
of polysilicon; but laboratory inventions in chemistry can compete the
polysilicon market. Rising usage of renewable energy sources encourage solar
photovoltaic cell production; but the production of polysilicon is not
environment friendly. China accounts for major share of the market, led by the
large manufacturing capacity in the country. It is followed by the U.S. The
polysilicon market in South Korea, Japan, Germany, and Norway is expected to
expand at a rapid pace in the near future. The polysilicon market is likely to
expand in India due to ‘Make in India’ policy. Demand for polysilicon is
estimated to rise in Asia Pacific and Europe during the forecast period.
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Major
players operating in the global polysilicon market include Wacker chemie AG,
OCI Company Ltd., Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, SunEdison Inc. and Dago new
energy corporation.
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